Afterwards, everyone remembered it as a misty night. It was cold too, and the two men came wrapped in military-style cloaks. They were accompanied by seconds and armed with loaded pistols. On Friday 16 February 1821, two men fought a duel in Chalk Farm and one of them lost his life. The dead man was John Scott, editor of the London Magazine.
His assailant was Jonathan Henry Christie, representative of Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine. Scott had attacked Blackwood’s for its slashing reviews of Leigh Hunt, William Hazlitt and John Keats. Blackwood’s had responded with the kind of invective that was its stock in trade. As tempers flared, a point of honour appeared to be at stake and the increasingly acrimonious rhetoric that appeared in the magazines boiled over into bloodshed.
Things hadn’t always been so heated. Blackwood’s initially claimed that ‘we wish our Magazine to be open to liberal discussion’, imagining its pages as an ongoing conversation written by its readers. But the Blackwood’s writers – many of whom had legal training – preferred adopting adversarial legal models.
Courtroom metaphors in turn gave way to images of assault
The metaphor of the magazine as a courtroom became explicit in articles such as ‘Hazlitt Cross-Questioned’ and ‘Letter from Z. to Leigh Hunt’, where John Gibson Lockhart wrote, ‘My October paper was merely an opening of the case; I said, as plainly as words could speak it, that the examination of witnesses, and the closing address, would both follow in their season’. Courtroom metaphors in turn gave way to images of assault. Hazlitt would be ‘stripped to the naked skin, and made to swallow his own vile prescriptions’. And when controversy between Blackwood’s and the London Magazine reached flashpoint in 1821, images of violence gave way to actual violence. Conversation became prosecution, prosecution became assault, and assault – in one tragic case – became killing
For modern readers without access to long-established research libraries, it has been difficult to find out why Blackwood’s made people’s blood boil. Those who encountered Blackwood’s first-hand often found it inaccessible in another sense. Blackwood’s can be daunting in its range of reference, frustrating in its casual attitude to citation, and rebarbatively embedded in debates whose other participants are not always apparent.
Over the past three years, I’ve been part of a team working on Blackwood’s. We’ve produced a six-volume set of selections from the magazine’s infancy, including poetry, stories, book reviews and critical essays. Reviews published in Blackwood’s and its rivals have traditionally been called on as ‘context’ to flesh out the historical study of literature. We aim to promote them from that marginal position and make them a subject for study both in their own right and as part of a more sophisticated and wide-ranging understanding of nineteenth-century print culture.
From Blackwood’s earliest issues, John Wilson (1785-1854) and John Gibson Lockhart (1794-1854) contributed most of the reviews and helped to shape the magazine’s characteristic critical style. Both men were born in Scotland and both enjoyed brilliant academic success at the University of Glasgow and subsequently at Oxford University (although they narrowed missed overlapping at either institution). Both trained for careers in the law, but both had literary ambitions.
The gamble paid off magnificently and within just a few issues Blackwood’s established itself as a journal whose reviews mattered
When William Blackwood re-launched the flagging Edinburgh Monthly Magazine under the masthead of Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine in October 1817, Wilson was 32 and Lockhart was only 23. Blackwood took a big gamble on the young men and their new style of reckless personal criticism.
The gamble paid off magnificently and within just a few issues Blackwood’s established itself as a journal whose reviews mattered
The main target of the magazine’s ire in this period was the ‘Cockney School’ of poetry – a poetically innovative and politically reformist group of poets including John Keats, who gathered at Leigh Hunt’s home in Hampstead. Writing under the pseudonym ‘Z.’, Lockhart labelled the Cockney School and then libelled the Cockneys, and Hunt in particular, in a series of vituperative articles.
In the first of the Cockney School attacks, Z. condemned Hunt by suggesting that his literary style, his political views and his social demeanour all displayed the same vulgarity. Hunt was a man of ‘extravagant pretensions both in wit, poetry, and politics, and withal of exquisitely bad taste, and extremely vulgar modes of thinking and manners in all respects’. His failings were all of a piece, and when Z. lambasted his poetic diction, his literary tastes, his social faux pas, his religious free-thinking or his disrespect for the Prince Regent, he was holding up to contempt different facets of the same essential flaw. Whatever he wrote, Hunt couldn’t help ‘betraying the Shibboleth of low birth and low habits’. These comments suggested that poetical failings could be mapped onto social, political and moral shortcomings.
Blackwood’s repeatedly blurred the boundaries between literature and life
Hunt was ‘as completely a Plebeian in his mind as he is in his rank and station in society’, and therefore aesthetics, politics and social standing could safely be elided. ‘One feels the same disgust at the idea of opening [Hunt’s poem] Rimini’, Z. suggested, ‘that impresses itself on the mind of a man of fashion, when he is invited to enter, for a second time, the gilded drawing-room of a little mincing boarding-school mistress, who would fain have an At Home in her house’. Leigh Hunt was caricatured as a tea-drinking fop, with yellow breeches and an open-necked shirt, whose ‘poetry resembles that of a man who has kept company with kept-mistresses’.
Blackwood’s repeatedly blurred the boundaries between literature and life, between aesthetics and politics and between art and morality in a rumbustious and unruly style that made for great fun, but whose consequences – as John Scott found out – could be deadly serious.
Blackwood's Magazine, 1817-25 - Selections from Maga's Infancy edited by Nicholas Mason, Anthony Jarrells, Tom Mole, Mark Parker and John Strachan, is published by Pickering and Chatto.